STANDARDS

CCSS: 7.RP.A.1, 7.RP.A.3, 6.G.A.1, 7.G.B.5, 8.G.B.7, MP1, MP5, MP6

TEKS: 6.4H, 7.4B, 7.4D, 7.9C, 8.7C

What Can We Recycle?

Photographer: Aaron Dyer. Stylist: Wendy Schelah

People once sorted their recyclables themselves, separating materials like paper and aluminum cans into separate bins. But now most communities in the U.S. use single-stream recycling. This allows residents to toss all their recyclables into a single large container to get sorted later at the recycling plant.

Recycling has changed a lot in the past 20 years, says Jill Martin. She’s the director of state programs for The Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that focuses on building a better recycling system in the U.S. “We have much more advanced equipment in recycling facilities,” she says. “We can use that to sort out the various materials.”

The country’s recycling rate is now 34 percent, so one-third of all material thrown out is recycled. But new high-tech facilities could help raise that number. One of the newest that just opened in 2023 is The Exchange in Chicago. It’s projected to process up to
224 million pounds of recyclables each year!

Using a series of discs, magnets, and scanners, as well as artificial intelligence (AI) and human workers, materials-recovery facilities do all the sorting—so you don’t have to!

Do you recycle at home? If so, you probably toss everything into the same bin. That’s how it works in most of the U.S. But it wasn’t always this way. People once sorted their own recyclables. Materials like paper and aluminum cans had to go in separate bins. Now single-stream recycling allows residents to mix their recyclables together. They get sorted later at the recycling plant.

Recycling has changed a lot in the past 20 years, says Jill Martin of The Recycling Partnership. Her organization works to improve recycling systems in the U.S. “We have much more advanced equipment in recycling facilities,” says Martin. “We can use that to sort out the various materials.”

The recycling rate in the U.S. is now 34 percent. That means that one-third of everything we throw out gets recycled. But new high-tech facilities could help raise that number. One of the newest is The Exchange in Chicago. It opened in 2023. It will process up to 224 million pounds of recyclables each year!

How do recycling plants separate materials? They use a series of discs, magnets, and scanners. Human workers and artificial intelligence help too. Thanks to technology, these facilities can do all the sorting—so you don’t have to!

Read how The Exchange sorts recyclables in the diagram below and solve mixed-skill questions. Round answers to the nearest tenth when needed. Record your work and answers on our answer sheet.

Read how The Exchange sorts recyclables in the diagram below and solve mixed-skill questions. Round answers to the nearest tenth when needed. Record your work and answers on our answer sheet.

Illustration by Maxim Usik

UNLOADING: Trucks dump the mixed recyclables onto the floor of the materials-recovery facility. If 224 million pounds of recyclables are processed at The Exchange this year, how many pounds is that per month?

UNLOADING: Trucks dump the mixed recyclables onto the floor of the materials-recovery facility. If 224 million pounds of recyclables are processed at The Exchange this year, how many pounds is that per month?

PRESORTING: Recyclables move along a conveyor belt. Workers toss nonrecyclable trash—like sneakers and  plastic bags—that could jam the machines. About one-tenth of the two hundred twenty-four million pounds of material delivered is trash. How many pounds is that?

PRESORTING: Recyclables move along a conveyor belt. Workers toss nonrecyclable trash—like sneakers and  plastic bags—that could jam the machines. About one-tenth of the two hundred twenty-four million pounds of material delivered is trash. How many pounds is that?

CARDBOARD: Rows of rotating rubber discs push large pieces of corrugated cardboard over the top but allow smaller objects, like bottles and cans, to fall through to a lower level for further sorting. In 2021, about 91% of paper and cardboard in the U.S. was recycled. That’s equal to 35 million tons of cardboard. How much was not recycled?

CARDBOARD: Rows of rotating rubber discs push large pieces of corrugated cardboard over the top but allow smaller objects, like bottles and cans, to fall through to a lower level for further sorting. In 2021, about 91% of paper and cardboard in the U.S. was recycled. That’s equal to 35 million tons of cardboard. How much was not recycled?

CONTAINERS: A combination of screens separate paper products from containers, such as bottles, jars, and cans. The containers fall through. Paper continues on to be sorted. We recycle about 7/10 of steel cans, 1/3 of glass bottles, 13/20 of newspapers, and 1/2 of aluminum cans discarded. Order the materials by largest to smallest fraction recycled.

CONTAINERS: A combination of screens separate paper products from containers, such as bottles, jars, and cans. The containers fall through. Paper continues on to be sorted. We recycle about 7/10 of steel cans, 1/3 of glass bottles, 13/20 of newspapers, and 1/2 of aluminum cans discarded. Order the materials by largest to smallest fraction recycled.

PAPER: Paper is separated into three groups: office paper, newspaper, and mixed paper, like magazines and cardboard. In 2018, we recycled 33.9 million tons of paper. That amount increased by 44.8% in 2022. How much paper was recycled in 2022?

PAPER: Paper is separated into three groups: office paper, newspaper, and mixed paper, like magazines and cardboard. In 2018, we recycled 33.9 million tons of paper. That amount increased by 44.8% in 2022. How much paper was recycled in 2022?

STEEL: A strong spinning magnet lifts steel objects off the conveyor belt and shoots the steel to a container. The ratio of magnetic to nonmagnetic containers we recycle is about 3:10. If 15 million tons of magnetic cans are recycled, how many nonmagnetic ones are recycled?

STEEL: A strong spinning magnet lifts steel objects off the conveyor belt and shoots the steel to a container. The ratio of magnetic to nonmagnetic containers we recycle is about 3:10. If 15 million tons of magnetic cans are recycled, how many nonmagnetic ones are recycled?

GLASS: A set of rotating discs break and remove glass recyclables. The recycling rate for glass in the U.S. is about 30%, but it’s 90% in Europe! If Europeans dispose of 12 million tons of glass a year, how much is recycled?

GLASS: A set of rotating discs break and remove glass recyclables. The recycling rate for glass in the U.S. is about 30%, but it’s 90% in Europe! If Europeans dispose of 12 million tons of glass a year, how much is recycled?

ALUMINUM: An eddy current separator creates an electric current that propels aluminum cans over a gap in the conveyor belt while the plastic containers fall away. Eddy current separators weigh about 2,000 pounds. About 170 aluminum cans combined weigh 5 pounds. How many aluminum cans are equal to an eddy current separator’s weight?

ALUMINUM: An eddy current separator creates an electric current that propels aluminum cans over a gap in the conveyor belt while the plastic containers fall away. Eddy current separators weigh about 2,000 pounds. About 170 aluminum cans combined weigh 5 pounds. How many aluminum cans are equal to an eddy current separator’s weight?

PLASTICS: An optical scanner shoots a beam of infrared light (with a wavelength longer than visible light) to identify the different types of plastics. A concentrated jet of air shoots more valuable plastics to a separate conveyor belt. Plastics labeled with a number 1 or 2 are recycled most often. They become products like clothing, building materials, and more. It takes about 25 2-liter soda bottles to make the fabric for 1 fleece jacket. How many bottles would make 55 fleece jackets?

PLASTICS: An optical scanner shoots a beam of infrared light (with a wavelength longer than visible light) to identify the different types of plastics. A concentrated jet of air shoots more valuable plastics to a separate conveyor belt. Plastics labeled with a number 1 or 2 are recycled most often. They become products like clothing, building materials, and more. It takes about 25 2-liter soda bottles to make the fabric for 1 fleece jacket. How many bottles would make 55 fleece jackets?

COMPACTING: Once sorted, each material goes through a different baler. The baler compresses the similar recyclables into solid rectangular bricks. Companies can buy the bales and use them to make new goods. One bale of cardboard measures 32 inches tall by 24 in. long by 24 in. wide. What’s the volume of the bale?

COMPACTING: Once sorted, each material goes through a different baler. The baler compresses the similar recyclables into solid rectangular bricks. Companies can buy the bales and use them to make new goods. One bale of cardboard measures 32 inches tall by 24 in. long by 24 in. wide. What’s the volume of the bale?

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